Background Information on US-China Relations Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the United States and China in 1979, their relationship has been characterized by both cooperation and competition. However, in recent years, the relationship has become increasingly complex due to various economic, political, and security factors. One of the key issues that have contributed to the current state of US-China relations is trade.

The United States has long accused China of engaging in unfair trade practices, such as currency manipulation, theft of intellectual property, and subsidies for domestic industries.

In 2018, the Trump Administration launched a trade war with China by imposing tariffs on Chinese imports, which led to retaliatory tariffs from China. Another significant factor in the US-China relationship is technology. The United States has expressed concerns about China’s growing technological prowess, particularly in areas such as 5G wireless networks and artificial intelligence. The US government has taken steps to restrict Chinese companies such as Huawei and TikTok from operating in the US, citing national security concerns. Human rights are another area of concern for the United States. China’s treatment of its Uighur Muslim minority has drawn condemnation from the international community, including the United States. The US has also criticized China’s handling of protests in Hong Kong and its repression of political dissidents. The US and China also have competing interests in several regions, including the South China Sea, where China has built artificial islands and claimed disputed territories. The US has conducted freedom of navigation operations in the region to challenge China’s claims. The relationship between the US and China is a complex and evolving one that is shaped by a wide range of economic, political, and security factors. While the two countries continue to cooperate in some areas, they are likely to continue to compete and confront each other on key issues in the years to come where technological competition holds great significance. Brief Overview of the Belt and Road Initiative ( BRI) The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is China’s ambitious infrastructure and investment project aimed at boosting economic growth and connectivity between China and other countries in Asia, Europe, and Africa. The initiative was launched in 2013 and involves the construction of railways, ports, pipelines, and other infrastructure projects in more than 70 countries. The growing competition between the United States and China is likely to have implications for the BRI. The United States has expressed concern about the initiative, which it sees as a way for China to expand its influence and gain strategic advantage in the region. The US has also accused China of using the initiative to engage in debt-trap diplomacy, in which China provides loans to developing countries for infrastructure projects that they cannot afford, thereby increasing their dependence on China. In response to US concerns, some countries have started to reassess their participation in the BRI. For example, Malaysia and Pakistan have canceled or scaled back some of the infrastructure projects, citing concerns over high debt levels and environmental risks. Other countries, such as India and Japan, have launched their own initiatives to counter the BRI. For China, the BRI is an important strategic and economic initiative that helps to promote its global influence and connectivity.

The initiative also helps to address China’s domestic economic challenges by providing new markets for Chinese goods and services and supporting the development of China’s western regions.

However, the BRI also poses significant challenges for China, including concerns over debt sustainability and corruption in project implementation. The initiative has also faced criticism for its lack of transparency and environmental and social impact. For the United States, the BRI presents both challenges and opportunities. The initiative poses a challenge to US influence in the region and could potentially limit US access to key markets and resources. However, the BRI also presents opportunities for US companies to participate in infrastructure projects and support economic development in the region. The growing competition between the United States and China is likely to have implications for the BRI. While the initiative remains an important strategic and economic initiative for China, concerns over debt sustainability, corruption, and environmental and social impact pose significant challenges. The BRI also presents both challenges and opportunities for the United States, as it seeks to maintain its influence in the region and support economic development. US-China Historical Cooperation in Technological Sector Historically, the United States and China have cooperated in the technological sector, with US companies investing in China and Chinese companies partnering with US firms for technology transfer and development. However, in recent years, the relationship between the two countries in this sector has become increasingly competitive.

The US has expressed concerns about China’s growing technological prowess, particularly in areas such as 5G wireless networks and artificial intelligence.

The US government has taken steps to restrict Chinese companies such as Huawei and TikTok from operating in the US, citing national security concerns. Former US President Donald Trump stated that Huawei’s technology poses a security risk and has called for US companies to not do business with the Chinese telecoms giant. Similarly, China has accused the US of unfairly targeting its tech companies and has sought to develop its own tech industry to reduce dependence on US technology. Chinese President Xi Jinping has called for the country to become a global leader in artificial intelligence and has emphasized the importance of technological innovation for China’s future growth. The US-China technological competition has also been reflected in the ongoing trade war between the two countries. In 2018, the Trump administration imposed tariffs on Chinese imports, including tech products, which led to retaliatory tariffs from China. The US government has also imposed export controls on certain technologies, including semiconductors, which have disrupted global supply chains. Despite the growing competition, there have been some efforts to cooperate in the technological sector. In 2019, the US and China agreed to resume trade talks, which included discussions on technology transfer and intellectual property protection. However, the talks were later stalled due to disagreements over key issues. The historical cooperation between the US and China in the technological sector has been overshadowed by growing competition in recent years. Both countries have expressed concerns about each other’s technological advancements, and the trade war has further escalated tensions in this sector. While there have been some efforts to cooperate, disagreements over key issues have hampered progress. Importance of Chip For China Rise The chip industry is widely regarded as a critical component of China’s rise as a global technological and economic power. China’s heavy reliance on imported chips, particularly from the United States, has been identified as a major vulnerability for the country’s long-term economic and national security goals.

The chip industry is critical to many high-tech applications, including smartphones, computers, and artificial intelligence, and has become a key driver of innovation and economic growth.

China has recognized the strategic importance of the chip industry and has launched several initiatives to develop a competitive domestic industry. China’s efforts to develop its own chip industry are part of its broader “Made in China 2025” plan, which aims to shift the country’s economy from low-cost manufacturing to high-tech innovation. The government has invested heavily in the development of the domestic chip industry, with the goal of reducing China’s reliance on imported chips and positioning the country as a global leader in the industry. China’s chip industry has made significant progress in recent years, with the country’s largest chipmaker, Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC), achieving technological breakthroughs in the development of advanced chips. However, China still lags behind the United States and other countries in terms of technological sophistication and intellectual property protection. China’s efforts to develop its own chip industry have also faced challenges, including limited access to key technologies and talent, as well as restrictions on the export of US technology. The US government has imposed export controls on certain technologies, including semiconductors, which has disrupted global supply chains and impacted Chinese chipmakers. The chip industry is critical to China’s rise as a global technological and economic power, and the development of a competitive domestic industry is a key component of China’s broader economic and national security goals. While China has made significant progress in the development of its own chip industry, the country still faces significant challenges, including limited access to key technologies and talent, and restrictions on the export of US technology. China’s Policy to Decrease Dependence on Other World China’s policy to decrease dependence on other countries for chips has been a key component of the country’s broader economic and national security goals. China has launched several initiatives to develop a competitive domestic industry and reduce its reliance on foreign technology. The country has invested heavily in domestic chip companies, including Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC), and established a state-backed fund to support the development of the domestic chip industry.

China has developed its own chip standards to reduce dependence on foreign technology and encouraged domestic innovation through policies such as the “Made in China 2025” plan.

However, China’s efforts to develop a domestic chip industry have faced challenges, including limited access to key technologies and talent, and restrictions on the export of US technology. In 2018, the Chinese government imposed tariffs on US chip imports, which led to retaliatory tariffs from the US. China’s heavy reliance on imported chips, particularly from the United States, has been identified as a major vulnerability for the country’s long-term economic and national security goals. In response, China has taken steps to reduce its dependence on imported chips, including imposing restrictions on their importation. This has disrupted global supply chains and impacted Chinese chipmakers. Despite these challenges, China has made significant progress in the development of its own chip industry, with the country’s largest chipmaker, SMIC, achieving technological breakthroughs in the development of advanced chips. The Chinese government has also announced plans to invest $1.4 trillion in technology, including semiconductors, over the next five years. China’s policy to decrease dependence on other countries for chips is evident through its significant investments in domestic chip companies, the establishment of a national fund for chip development, the development of domestic chip standards, the encouragement of domestic innovation, and restrictions on imported chips. While these efforts have made progress in developing a competitive domestic industry, China still faces significant challenges in achieving its goals, including limited access to key technologies and talent, and restrictions on the export of US technology.