THE traditional approaches and technologies used to combat threats to national security have become outdated and ineffective in the digital age. Information is now as valuable as physical assets, with …

CYBERSPACE and social media are significant aspects of hybrid warfare in the twenty-first century. Like many other developed and developing countries, Pakistan is a target of offensive actions carried out …

DISINFORMATION refers to the intentional spread of false or misleading information with the aim of deceiving or manipulating people’s beliefs, attitudes, opinions, or behaviours. It is often spread through various …

Espionage, or the practice of gathering information covertly, has been around for thousands of years. However, it has evolved significantly over time, particularly with the advent of new technologies that …

Espionage, or the practice of gathering information covertly, has been around for thousands of years. However, it has evolved significantly over time, particularly with the advent of new technologies that …

THE Balakot incident took place on February 26, 2019, when the Indian Air Force (IAF) carried out airstrikes in Balakot, Pakistan. The attack was in response to a suicide bombing …

THE Balakot incident took place on February 26, 2019, when the Indian Air Force (IAF) carried out airstrikes in Balakot, Pakistan. The attack was in response to a suicide bombing …

The “battle over data” refers to the ongoing struggle for control and ownership of data, as well as the conflict over how data should be collected, stored, used, and shared. …

Cyber deterrence is the use of threat and defensive strategies to prevent or discourage cyber-attack on a country or organization. The goal of cyber deterrence is to create a disincentive …

MORE than $10 billions have been donated to Pakistan at the world’s first donor meeting in Geneva, which was held expressly to aid those affected by the climate-related calamity. This …